Land report
318 E William St
Individual owner on record
Assessment and City record timeline
The line tracks this property’s published City assessment. Markers show deeds, permits, inspections, licenses, violations, certifications, and appeals on their recorded dates. Select one to read the filing.
Assessments are tax-roll values, not sale prices or appraisals. OPA has published a 2027 assessment of $9,500. It is not yet the billed-year tax basis.
- OPA assessment · 2016$27K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2017$27K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2018$27K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2019$18K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2020$2K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2021$2K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2022$2K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2023$20K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2024$20K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2025$11K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2026$11K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2027$10K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- Deed / sale · 2004Deed / sale $1KA recorded real-estate document or transfer event. The amount and date can be useful history, but the underlying deed and transfer-tax filing control the parties, consideration, and legal effect.How to read the recorded document ↗
- Teardown · 2009DemolishedThis permit category usually covers partial or complete removal work. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- L&I violation · 2007-11-03VACANT BLDG UNSECURED COUNTA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2007-11-03LICENSE-VAC RES BLDG (vacant residential building license required)This usually records a requirement to obtain a Vacant Structure License for an unoccupied residential building. Check later license and compliance rows because it does not establish present vacancy or an unresolved violation.How the City licenses vacant residential property ↗
- L&I violation · 2007-11-03PROSEC- STD INFO (likely: Standard enforcement or prosecution notice)Legacy L&I shorthand; the case notice contains the actual required correction and deadlines.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2007-11-03BRU INSPA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- L&I violation · 2008-03-26VACANT BLDG UNSECURED COUNTA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2008-03-26VACANT PROP STANDARD (likely: vacant-property enforcement standard)A legacy L&I label associated with vacant-property requirements. It may concern licensing, securing, or maintaining a vacant structure; the notice and cited code control, and this row alone does not prove the property is vacant now.Read Philadelphia Code §9-3905 ↗
- L&I violation · 2008-03-26LICENSE-VAC RES BLDG (vacant residential building license required)This usually records a requirement to obtain a Vacant Structure License for an unoccupied residential building. Check later license and compliance rows because it does not establish present vacancy or an unresolved violation.How the City licenses vacant residential property ↗
- Inspection · 2008-03-26BRU INSPA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- L&I violation · 2008-11-18WALL PARTIALLY COLLAPSEDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2008-11-18VACANT BLDG UNSEC/UNSAFE CSUA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2008-11-18WALL FRACTUREDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2008-11-18CSUINITIALA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- L&I violation · 2009-03-04FLOOR/CEILING FIRE DAMAGEDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2009-03-04ROOF FIRE DAMAGEDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2009-03-04CSUINITIALA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- L&I violation · 2017-05-01CLIP VIOLATION NOTICEA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2017-05-01EXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAIA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2018-10-29EXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAIA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2018-10-29CLIP VIOLATION NOTICEA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2019-08-20EXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAIA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2019-08-20CLIP VIOLATION NOTICEA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2020-08-18LITTER ON VACANT LOTSA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2020-08-18L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- L&I violation · 2024-09-30VACANT STRUCTURE & LANDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2024-09-30L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- L&I violation · 2025-02-19VACANT STRUCTURE & LANDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2025-02-19L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- L&I violation · 2025-09-06VACANT STRUCTURE & LANDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2025-09-06L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2007-11-08BRU INSPA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2009-03-10BRU INSPA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2009-07-16CSUINITIALA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2012-06-27BRU INSPA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2020-09-28L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2024-11-18L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2024-11-18L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2025-03-10L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2025-03-13L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2025-12-24L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- License · 2006-02-02TAIRI PROFIT: Rental landlord or residential registration initially issuedA City license record tied to an activity or property use. Its issue, expiration, inactive, and status fields—not the category alone—show what was recorded for this date.Philadelphia L&I licenses and property records ↗
- License · 2012-12-22TAIRI PROFIT: Rental landlord or residential registration marked inactiveA City license record tied to an activity or property use. Its issue, expiration, inactive, and status fields—not the category alone—show what was recorded for this date.Philadelphia L&I licenses and property records ↗
Scroll horizontally to move through the years. Each icon sits on its recorded date; records without a day are labeled and centered within their year. Select one to explain the filing.
- InspectionL&I investigation
- L&I violationVACANT STRUCTURE & LAND
- InspectionL&I investigation
- InspectionL&I investigation
- InspectionL&I investigation
- L&I violationVACANT STRUCTURE & LAND
- InspectionL&I investigation
- InspectionL&I investigation
- InspectionL&I investigation
- L&I violationVACANT STRUCTURE & LAND
- InspectionL&I investigation
- InspectionL&I investigation
- L&I violationLITTER ON VACANT LOTS
- InspectionL&I investigation
- L&I violationEXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAI
- L&I violationCLIP VIOLATION NOTICE
- L&I violationEXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAI
- L&I violationCLIP VIOLATION NOTICE
- L&I violationCLIP VIOLATION NOTICE
- L&I violationEXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAI
- LicenseTAIRI PROFIT: Rental landlord or residential registration marked inactive
- InspectionBRU INSP
- InspectionCSUINITIAL
- InspectionBRU INSP
- L&I violationFLOOR/CEILING FIRE DAMAGED
- L&I violationROOF FIRE DAMAGED
- InspectionCSUINITIAL
- TeardownDemolished
- L&I violationWALL PARTIALLY COLLAPSED
- L&I violationVACANT BLDG UNSEC/UNSAFE CSU
- L&I violationWALL FRACTURED
- InspectionCSUINITIAL
- L&I violationVACANT BLDG UNSECURED COUNT
- L&I violationVACANT PROP STANDARD (likely: vacant-property enforcement standard)
- L&I violationLICENSE-VAC RES BLDG (vacant residential building license required)
- InspectionBRU INSP
- InspectionBRU INSP
- L&I violationVACANT BLDG UNSECURED COUNT
- L&I violationLICENSE-VAC RES BLDG (vacant residential building license required)
- L&I violationPROSEC- STD INFO (likely: Standard enforcement or prosecution notice)
- InspectionBRU INSP
- LicenseTAIRI PROFIT: Rental landlord or residential registration initially issued
- Deed / saleDeed / sale $1K
Verify the public record
Property tax
$160/year estimated property tax
2026 taxable assessment $11,400 × 1.3998%. This is an estimate, not a bill or account balance. The City maintains payments, credits, interest, and the current amount due.
OPA has published a 2027 assessment of $9,500. It is not the 2026 billed-year value.
Payments, credits, interest, and the current amount due are maintained by the City.
OPA 0712111002026 taxable assessment equals the full assessed value.
Historical delinquency sources Record found
This parcel did not match the June 2022 delinquency snapshot. That absence does not confirm the account is current today.
A separate historical parcel ledger ending in 2016 records $22,773.91 and a lien entry. It is shown as historical context only.
For a purchase, refinance, or closing, request the City’s official Property Payoff statement in Tax Center under “More options.”
Land report
Vacant land
Vacant land. Deeds, ownership, zoning, and the public-source record follow.
Historical lien entry · through 2016
Block context
300 block of E William St. Compare parcels, ownership, and public-record history.
See the whole block →Next door: 316 E William St · 320 E William St
L&I license dates · data through Jul 23, 2026
Business licenses at this address Latest pull
What L&I has registered at this OPA parcel, newest initial license date first.
No L&I business license is on record at this address in data through Jul 23, 2026.
Landlord and residential filings
These are property registrations or landlord filings, not businesses operating at this address.
Rental · Initial issue date Feb 2, 2006 · Terminal license date Dec 22, 2012
A license is an L&I registration, not proof that a business is open, operating today, or located at this storefront. Dates are license dates. Events are deduped by parcel, business identity, and license type, so a renewal is not shown as another opening. Other permit and filing types remain in the full source ledger.
Open every source row 42 dated rows
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2025-097265 · PASSED
The cited inspection visit was marked passed.
- ViolationVACANT STRUCTURE & LAND
Case CF-2025-097265 · Violation VI-2025-069662 · Code PM15-301 · COMPLIED
Resolution: COMPLIED - OWNER REPAIR City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2025-097265 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2025-010697 · PASSED
The cited inspection visit was marked passed.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2025-010697 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- ViolationVACANT STRUCTURE & LAND
Case CF-2025-010697 · Violation VI-2025-008419 · Code PM15-301 · COMPLIED
Resolution: COMPLIED - BY ENFORCEMENT ACTION City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2025-010697 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2024-107227 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2024-107227 · PASSED
The cited inspection visit was marked passed.
- ViolationVACANT STRUCTURE & LAND
Case CF-2024-107227 · Violation VI-2024-082521 · Code PM15-301 · COMPLIED
Resolution: COMPLIED - BY ENFORCEMENT ACTION City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2024-107227 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2020-052107 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- ViolationLITTER ON VACANT LOTS
Case CF-2020-052107 · Violation VI-2020-028614 · Code 10-715 · COMPLIED
Resolution: COMPLIED - BY ENFORCEMENT ACTION City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2020-052107 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- ViolationEXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAI
Case 702414 · Violation 5153545 · Code PM-302.2/4 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- ViolationCLIP VIOLATION NOTICE
Case 702414 · Violation 5153544 · Code CP-01 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- ViolationEXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAI
Case 661355 · Violation 4856115 · Code PM-302.2/4 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- ViolationCLIP VIOLATION NOTICE
Case 661355 · Violation 4856114 · Code CP-01 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- ViolationCLIP VIOLATION NOTICE
Case 581237 · Violation 4296061 · Code CP-01 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- ViolationEXT A-VACANT LOT CLEAN/MAINTAI
Case 581237 · Violation 4296062 · Code PM-302.2/4 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- License terminal eventTAIRI PROFIT: Rental landlord or residential registration marked inactive
License 354805 · Inactive
License event. Registration does not prove present operation or storefront occupancy.
- InvestigationBRU INSP
Case 152792 · CLOSED
City marked the record closed; open the case for the closing reason.
- InvestigationCSUINITIAL
Case 185809 · PASSED
The cited inspection visit was marked passed.
- InvestigationBRU INSP
Case 152792 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- ViolationFLOOR/CEILING FIRE DAMAGED
Case 185809 · Violation 1258759 · Code PM-307.1/7 · DEMOLISH
- ViolationROOF FIRE DAMAGED
Case 185809 · Violation 1258760 · Code PM-307.1/4 · DEMOLISH
- InvestigationCSUINITIAL
Case 185809 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- ViolationWALL PARTIALLY COLLAPSED
Case 185809 · Violation 1258758 · Code PM-307.1/12 · DEMOLISH
- ViolationVACANT BLDG UNSEC/UNSAFE CSU
Case 185809 · Violation 1258756 · Code PM-307.1/19 · DEMOLISH
- ViolationWALL FRACTURED
Case 185809 · Violation 1258757 · Code PM-307.1/9 · DEMOLISH
- InvestigationCSUINITIAL
Case 185809 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- ViolationVACANT BLDG UNSECURED COUNT
Case 152792 · Violation 1276564 · Code PM-306.2/1 · CMPLY
- ViolationVACANT PROP STANDARD (likely: vacant-property enforcement standard)
Case 152792 · Violation 1276563 · Code PM-306.0/1 · CMPLY
A legacy L&I label associated with vacant-property requirements. It may concern licensing, securing, or maintaining a vacant structure; the notice and cited code control, and this row alone does not prove the property is vacant now.
- ViolationLICENSE-VAC RES BLDG (vacant residential building license required)
Case 152792 · Violation 1276565 · Code PM-102.4/2 · CMPLY
This usually records a requirement to obtain a Vacant Structure License for an unoccupied residential building. Check later license and compliance rows because it does not establish present vacancy or an unresolved violation.
- InvestigationBRU INSP
Case 152792 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- InvestigationBRU INSP
Case 134162 · CLOSED
City marked the record closed; open the case for the closing reason.
- ViolationVACANT BLDG UNSECURED COUNT
Case 134162 · Violation 729902 · Code PM-306.2/1 · CMPLY
- ViolationLICENSE-VAC RES BLDG (vacant residential building license required)
Case 134162 · Violation 729903 · Code PM-102.4/2 · CMPLY
This usually records a requirement to obtain a Vacant Structure License for an unoccupied residential building. Check later license and compliance rows because it does not establish present vacancy or an unresolved violation.
- ViolationPROSEC- STD INFO (likely: Standard enforcement or prosecution notice)
Case 134162 · Violation 729901 · Code A-503.2/2 · CMPLY
Legacy L&I shorthand; the case notice contains the actual required correction and deadlines.
- InvestigationBRU INSP
Case 134162 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- License issue eventTAIRI PROFIT: Rental landlord or residential registration initially issued
License 354805 · Inactive
License event. Registration does not prove present operation or storefront occupancy.
- Recorded transfer$1K transfer
2004
Where this comes from
- Assessment, spec sheet & owner: OPA Property Assessments, Office of Property Assessment
- Sales & deed history: Realty Transfer Tax records, Recorder of Deeds
- Permits, violations & inspections: L&I Property History · Atlas
- Tax delinquency snapshot · June 2022: Real Estate Tax Delinquencies, Dept. of Revenue
- Historical tax ledger & liens · through 2016: Real Estate Tax Balances, Dept. of Revenue
- Current property-tax balance: Verify with Philadelphia Revenue
- Zoning appeals: L&I & Zoning Board appeals
- Neighborhood income & rents: US Census ACS 5-year estimates
- Historical mortgage rates: Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey, annual averages
- Imagery: Street photo © Google · Aerial © Esri, Maxar
Methodology & freshness
This report was assembled Jul 24, 2026, 3:27 PM ET. Available City datasets are queried from OpenDataPhilly (phl.carto.com) and the cited City ArcGIS feeds; record queries paginate rather than silently taking a first page. For this property: Permits: queried · Violations: queried · Investigations: queried · Appeals: queried · Licenses: queried · Building certifications: queried. “Unavailable” means the source query failed or was not supplied, not “no record.” Reports re-pull on view after seven days and on an overnight rolling schedule; citywide benchmarks recompute weekly. Source dates still govern: the parcel-level tax-delinquency snapshot is June 2022 and the separate detailed tax ledger ends in 2016, so neither establishes today’s balance. The live balance and date-effective payoff must be verified in Tax Center. AI-written passages are grounded in the assembled record and rejected if they state a number the record does not hold.
Official city record ↗ · L&I history ↗ · See the whole block · Download this record (JSON)
