Commercial property report
5522 Torresdale Ave
2 stories1,728 sqftCMX2built 1920
Individual owner on record
Assessment and City record timeline
The line tracks this property’s published City assessment. Markers show deeds, permits, inspections, licenses, violations, certifications, and appeals on their recorded dates. Select one to read the filing.
Assessments are tax-roll values, not sale prices or appraisals. OPA has published a 2027 assessment of $226,600. It is not yet the billed-year tax basis.
- OPA assessment · 2016$121K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2017$121K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2018$133K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2019$133K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2020$133K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2021$133K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2022$133K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2023$185K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2024$185K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2025$220K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2026$220K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- OPA assessment · 2027$227K assessed valueOPA’s value on the City tax roll for that year. It is not an appraisal, listing price, sale price, or live tax balance.How Philadelphia property assessments work ↗
- Deed / sale · 2012Deed / sale $110KA recorded real-estate document or transfer event. The amount and date can be useful history, but the underlying deed and transfer-tax filing control the parties, consideration, and legal effect.How to read the recorded document ↗
- Permit · 2011-09-06Major alterationA broad legacy permit work category for a substantial building alteration. It can include changed layouts, partitions, fixtures, finishes, structural work, or occupancy-related work, but only the approved scope and plans say what this permit actually authorized; separate trade permits may be required.What Philadelphia building permits can cover ↗
- Permit · 2011-10-13ElectricalThis permit category usually covers electrical installation, alteration, replacement, or repair. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- Permit · 2011-10-24PlumbingThis permit category usually covers water, drainage, fixtures, or other plumbing work. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- Permit · 2011-11-14Major alterationA broad legacy permit work category for a substantial building alteration. It can include changed layouts, partitions, fixtures, finishes, structural work, or occupancy-related work, but only the approved scope and plans say what this permit actually authorized; separate trade permits may be required.What Philadelphia building permits can cover ↗
- Permit · 2011-12-21ElectricalThis permit category usually covers electrical installation, alteration, replacement, or repair. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- Permit · 2012-01-03Zoning/useThis permit category usually covers the property’s allowed use, dimensions, occupancy, or site configuration. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- Permit · 2012-01-31Zoning/useThis permit category usually covers the property’s allowed use, dimensions, occupancy, or site configuration. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- Permit · 2012-03-14SignThis permit category usually covers construction, repair, alteration, addition, or occupancy work. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- Permit · 2012-05-25Major alterationA broad legacy permit work category for a substantial building alteration. It can include changed layouts, partitions, fixtures, finishes, structural work, or occupancy-related work, but only the approved scope and plans say what this permit actually authorized; separate trade permits may be required.What Philadelphia building permits can cover ↗
- Permit · 2014-10-29PlumbingThis permit category usually covers water, drainage, fixtures, or other plumbing work. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- Permit · 2023-09-08AlterationsThis permit category usually covers construction, repair, alteration, addition, or occupancy work. The approved scope—not the short category—defines what was authorized, and issuance alone does not prove completion.Philadelphia construction and repair permits ↗
- L&I violation · 2009-10-06VIOL BC MESSAGEA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2018-01-02FIRE ESCAPE REPORTA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2023-07-13FIRE ESCAPE REPORT REQUIREDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2023-07-13FIRE ESCAPE REPORT REQUIREDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2023-07-13L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2023-07-13L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- L&I violation · 2012-06-28CONTRACTOR LIC NEEDEDA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2012-06-28PERM - MUST POSTA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2012-06-28PERMB- WK DONE W/O NOTIFY INSPA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- L&I violation · 2012-06-28PERMB REVK- INCORR APPL INFOA dated L&I enforcement row. Read the cited code, required correction, status, and later inspections together; the title alone does not establish the property’s current condition.How L&I violations and orders work ↗
- Inspection · 2009-10-05BC INSP (likely: building-code inspection)Legacy inspection shorthand; confirm the inspection type and scope in the City case file.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2018-01-03CI INSPA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2018-02-07CI INSPA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2018-04-07CI INSPA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2018-06-25PRECOURT (likely: pre-court compliance inspection)A follow-up before or during enforcement escalation; confirm the case sequence in the City file.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2018-06-27PRECOURT (likely: pre-court compliance inspection)A follow-up before or during enforcement escalation; confirm the case sequence in the City file.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2023-07-25L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Inspection · 2023-08-04L&I investigationA dated L&I visit or review. Its type describes the inspection program; the separate result and later rows show whether that visit passed, failed, or led to follow-up.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- License · 2012-12-31SANDRYNE SENAT: Food Preparing and Serving business license initially issuedA City license record tied to an activity or property use. Its issue, expiration, inactive, and status fields—not the category alone—show what was recorded for this date.Philadelphia L&I licenses and property records ↗
- License · 2015-06-29SANDRYNE SENAT: Food Preparing and Serving business license marked inactiveA City license record tied to an activity or property use. Its issue, expiration, inactive, and status fields—not the category alone—show what was recorded for this date.Philadelphia L&I licenses and property records ↗
- License · 2005-01-28P C D ENTERPRISES INC: Pawn Shop business license initially issuedA City license record tied to an activity or property use. Its issue, expiration, inactive, and status fields—not the category alone—show what was recorded for this date.Philadelphia L&I licenses and property records ↗
- License · 2009-06-30P C D ENTERPRISES INC: Pawn Shop business license marked inactiveA City license record tied to an activity or property use. Its issue, expiration, inactive, and status fields—not the category alone—show what was recorded for this date.Philadelphia L&I licenses and property records ↗
- Certification · 2018-06-11Fire Escape ReportA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2021-11-27Fire Alarm CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2021-11-27Emergency and Standby Power Systems CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2022-11-18Fire Alarm CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2022-11-18Emergency and Standby Power Systems CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2023-11-18Fire Alarm CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2023-11-18Emergency and Standby Power Systems CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2024-11-02Fire Alarm CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2024-11-02Emergency and Standby Power Systems CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2025-11-03Fire Alarm CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
- Certification · 2025-11-03Emergency and Standby Power Systems CertificationA filed inspection or certification for a regulated building system or component. Check the result, expiration date, and latest filing before treating it as current.What Philadelphia inspections check ↗
Scroll horizontally to move through the years. Each icon sits on its recorded date; records without a day are labeled and centered within their year. Select one to explain the filing.
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
- PermitAlterations
- InspectionL&I investigation
- InspectionL&I investigation
- L&I violationFIRE ESCAPE REPORT REQUIRED
- L&I violationFIRE ESCAPE REPORT REQUIRED
- InspectionL&I investigation
- InspectionL&I investigation
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
- InspectionPRECOURT (likely: pre-court compliance inspection)
- InspectionPRECOURT (likely: pre-court compliance inspection)
- CertificationFire Escape Report
- InspectionCI INSP
- InspectionCI INSP
- InspectionCI INSP
- L&I violationFIRE ESCAPE REPORT
- LicenseSANDRYNE SENAT: Food Preparing and Serving business license marked inactive
- PermitPlumbing
- LicenseSANDRYNE SENAT: Food Preparing and Serving business license initially issued
- L&I violationCONTRACTOR LIC NEEDED
- L&I violationPERM - MUST POST
- L&I violationPERMB- WK DONE W/O NOTIFY INSP
- L&I violationPERMB REVK- INCORR APPL INFO
- PermitMajor alteration
- PermitSign
- PermitZoning/use
- PermitZoning/use
- Deed / saleDeed / sale $110K
- PermitElectrical
- PermitMajor alteration
- PermitPlumbing
- PermitElectrical
- PermitMajor alteration
- L&I violationVIOL BC MESSAGE
- InspectionBC INSP (likely: building-code inspection)
- LicenseP C D ENTERPRISES INC: Pawn Shop business license marked inactive
- LicenseP C D ENTERPRISES INC: Pawn Shop business license initially issued
Verify the public record
Property tax
$3,080/year estimated property tax
2026 taxable assessment $220,000 × 1.3998%. This is an estimate, not a bill or account balance. The City maintains payments, credits, interest, and the current amount due.
OPA has published a 2027 assessment of $226,600. It is not the 2026 billed-year value.
Payments, credits, interest, and the current amount due are maintained by the City.
OPA 8820387902026 taxable assessment equals the full assessed value.
Historical delinquency sources No current conclusion
This parcel did not match the June 2022 delinquency snapshot. That absence does not confirm the account is current today.
For a purchase, refinance, or closing, request the City’s official Property Payoff statement in Tax Center under “More options.”
Property report
Commercial property
Commercial, recorded in the City's commercial category. The public record and owner trail follow.
Block context
5500 block of Torresdale Ave. Compare parcels, ownership, and public-record history.
See the whole block →Next door: 5524 Torresdale Ave · 5526 Torresdale Ave
L&I license dates · data through Jul 29, 2026
Business licenses at this address Latest pull
What L&I has registered at this OPA parcel, newest initial license date first.
Food Preparing and Serving · Initial issue date Dec 31, 2012 · Terminal license date Jun 29, 2015
Pawn Shop · Initial issue date Jan 28, 2005 · Terminal license date Jun 30, 2009
A license is an L&I registration, not proof that a business is open, operating today, or located at this storefront. Dates are license dates. Events are deduped by parcel, business identity, and license type, so a renewal is not shown as another opening. Other permit and filing types remain in the full source ledger.
Open every source row 45 dated rows
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
Certification BC-2025-029012 · Certified
Expires 2026-11-03
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
Certification BC-2025-029013 · Certified
Expires 2026-11-03
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
Certification BC-2024-029747 · Certified
Expires 2025-11-02
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
Certification BC-2024-029745 · Certified
Expires 2025-11-02
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
Certification BC-2023-023771 · Certified
Expires 2024-11-18
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
Certification BC-2023-023769 · Certified
Expires 2024-11-18
- PermitAlterations
Permit PP-2023-012068 · Issued
REPLACE 3/4" BACKFLOW DEVICE
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2023-066312 · PASSED
The cited inspection visit was marked passed.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2023-066313 · PASSED
The cited inspection visit was marked passed.
- ViolationFIRE ESCAPE REPORT REQUIRED
Case CF-2023-066312 · Violation VI-2023-049898 · Code F-1104.16.5.1.8 · CLOSED
Resolution: CLOSED - WRITTEN IN ERROR City marked the record closed; open the case for the closing reason.
- ViolationFIRE ESCAPE REPORT REQUIRED
Case CF-2023-066313 · Violation VI-2023-049903 · Code F-1104.16.5.1.8 · COMPLIED
Resolution: COMPLIED - LICENSE/CERTIFICATE/REPORT OBTAINED City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2023-066312 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- InvestigationL&I investigation
Case CF-2023-066313 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
Certification BC-2022-017372 · Certified
Expires 2023-11-18
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
Certification BC-2022-017370 · Certified
Expires 2023-11-18
- CertificationFire Alarm Certification
Certification BC-2021-007172 · Certified
Expires 2022-11-27
- CertificationEmergency and Standby Power Systems Certification
Certification BC-2021-007170 · Certified
Expires 2022-11-27
- InvestigationPRECOURT (likely: pre-court compliance inspection)
Case 617264 · NONE
A follow-up before or during enforcement escalation; confirm the case sequence in the City file.
- InvestigationPRECOURT (likely: pre-court compliance inspection)
Case 617264 · PASSED
A follow-up before or during enforcement escalation; confirm the case sequence in the City file. The cited inspection visit was marked passed.
- CertificationFire Escape Report
Certification BC-2023-004291 · Safe
Expires 2023-06-11
- InvestigationCI INSP
Case 617264 · CLOSED
City marked the record closed; open the case for the closing reason.
- InvestigationCI INSP
Case 617264 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- InvestigationCI INSP
Case 617264 · FAILED
The cited inspection visit was marked failed; later rows may show follow-up or resolution.
- ViolationFIRE ESCAPE REPORT
Case 617264 · Violation 4640033 · Code FC-13-101115 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- License terminal eventSANDRYNE SENAT: Food Preparing and Serving business license marked inactive
License 580838 · Inactive
License event. Registration does not prove present operation or storefront occupancy.
- PermitPlumbing
Permit 570990 · COMPLETED
WATER HEATER
- License issue eventSANDRYNE SENAT: Food Preparing and Serving business license initially issued
License 580838 · Inactive
License event. Registration does not prove present operation or storefront occupancy.
- ViolationCONTRACTOR LIC NEEDED
Case 385778 · Violation 2489726 · Code 9-1004.2/1 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- ViolationPERM - MUST POST
Case 385778 · Violation 2489728 · Code A-302.8/30 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- ViolationPERMB- WK DONE W/O NOTIFY INSP
Case 385778 · Violation 2489727 · Code A-302.11/1 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- ViolationPERMB REVK- INCORR APPL INFO
Case 385778 · Violation 2489729 · Code A-302.9/38 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- PermitMajor alteration
Permit 385778 · COMPLETED
CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY FOR DAYCARE AND ALTERATIONS, INLCUDING CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE ESCAPE AND RAMP.
- PermitSign
Permit 385793 · EXPIRED
ERECTION OF AN AWNING SIGN FOR DAYCARE CENTER
- PermitZoning/use
Permit 385576 · COMPLETED
USE SPACE FOR DAYCARE.
- PermitZoning/use
Permit 373779 · COMPLETED
ZONE AN EXISTING DECK ON REAR OF 2ND FLOOR ATOP OF A GARAGE
- Recorded transfer$110K transfer
2012
- PermitElectrical
Permit 374546 · COMPLETED
INSTALL AUTOMATIC MONITORED FORE ALARM THROUGHOUT BLDG. AS PER NFPA-72(COMMERCIAL SPACE)
- PermitMajor alteration
Permit 373786 · COMPLETED
WORK IN ADDITION TO AP#351200 - REMOVE GARAGE DOOR, CLOSE OFF WITH 2X4 PLYWOOD, SIDING INSULATE ON EXTERIOR, SHEETROOK ON INTERIOR. CONTACT DISTRICT INSPECTOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS PRIOR TO STARTING WORK.
- PermitPlumbing
Permit 369206 · COMPLETED
HOUSE DRAIN, SOIL STACK
- PermitElectrical
Permit 366894 · COMPLETED
WIRE BLDG AS PER 2008 NEC, "MIX USE"
- PermitMajor alteration
Permit 351200 · COMPLETED
INTERIOR DEMO OF NON BEARING WALLS/ PLASTER AND LATHE, CONSTRUCTION OF PERIMETER WALLS, WINDOW REPLACEMENT (NO NEW OR MODIFIED WALL OPENINGS) AND SIDING AT BAY.
- ViolationVIOL BC MESSAGE
Case 216511 · Violation 1484729 · Code A-000.0/11 · COMPLIED
City marked this violation complied with; check the resolution date and live case for what was accepted.
- InvestigationBC INSP (likely: building-code inspection)
Case 216511 · PASSED
Legacy inspection shorthand; confirm the inspection type and scope in the City case file. The cited inspection visit was marked passed.
- License terminal eventP C D ENTERPRISES INC: Pawn Shop business license marked inactive
License 287999 · Inactive
License event. Registration does not prove present operation or storefront occupancy.
- License issue eventP C D ENTERPRISES INC: Pawn Shop business license initially issued
License 287999 · Inactive
License event. Registration does not prove present operation or storefront occupancy.
Where this comes from
- Assessment, spec sheet & owner: OPA Property Assessments, Office of Property Assessment
- Sales & deed history: Realty Transfer Tax records, Recorder of Deeds
- Permits, violations & inspections: L&I Property History · Atlas
- Tax delinquency snapshot · June 2022: Real Estate Tax Delinquencies, Dept. of Revenue
- Historical tax ledger & liens · through 2016: Real Estate Tax Balances, Dept. of Revenue
- Current property-tax balance: Verify with Philadelphia Revenue
- Zoning appeals: L&I & Zoning Board appeals
- Imagery: Street photo © Google · Aerial © Esri, Maxar
Methodology & freshness
This report was assembled Jul 30, 2026, 1:06 AM ET. Available City datasets are queried from OpenDataPhilly (phl.carto.com) and the cited City ArcGIS feeds; record queries paginate rather than silently taking a first page. For this property: Permits: queried · Violations: queried · Investigations: queried · Appeals: queried · Licenses: queried · Building certifications: queried. “Unavailable” means the source query failed or was not supplied, not “no record.” Reports re-pull on view after seven days and on an overnight rolling schedule; citywide benchmarks recompute weekly. Source dates still govern: the parcel-level tax-delinquency snapshot is June 2022 and the separate detailed tax ledger ends in 2016, so neither establishes today’s balance. The live balance and date-effective payoff must be verified in Tax Center. AI-written passages are grounded in the assembled record and rejected if they state a number the record does not hold.
Official city record ↗ · L&I history ↗ · See the whole block · Download this record (JSON)
